calloused

text: It was inconceivable, it astounded him, that this slender, beautiful girl of scarcely twenty should have anything, even a bitter enmity, in common with this crime-calloused man of fifty

ref: 1927, William Byron Mowery, Pirates Of The Muskeg:

text: Fingers bruised from lifting boxes on the warehouse floor, palms calloused from delivery bike handlebars, knuckles scarred with kitchen burns: These are not hands that have been allowed to hold power.

ref: 2025 November 5, Zohran Mamdani, “The Full Transcript of Zohran Mamdani’s Victory Speech”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 05 Nov 2025:

links: callused callused#English

en-adj

expansion: calloused (comparative more calloused, superlative most calloused)

forms:
more calloused (comparative)
most calloused (superlative)

etymology_text:
Etymology tree
English callous
Old English -ed
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz
Old English -od
Middle English -ed
English -ed
English calloused
From callous + -ed.

ety

callous

expansion:
Etymology tree
English callous
Old English -ed
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz
Old English -od
Middle English -ed
English -ed
English calloused
[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-ōdaz", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "-od", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "-ed", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "-ed", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "calloused", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="calloused">
From callous + -ed.


bellen

links: ring ring

links: bell bell

raw_glosses: (intransitive) to ring, like using a bell

links: call call

links: dial dial

raw_glosses: (transitive) to call, by bell (originally) or (now mostly) telephone; to dial

pos: verb

nl-verb

expansion: bellen

nl-conj-wk

bel

belle

forms:
bellen (infinitive)
bellen (gerund neuter)
bel (first-person present singular)
belde (first-person past singular)
belt (present second-person singular)
bel (present second-person singular)
belde (past second-person singular)
belt (formal present second-person singular)
belde (formal past second-person singular)
belt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
belt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
belde (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
belde (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
belt (present singular third-person)
belde (past singular third-person)
bellen (plural present)
belden (past plural)
belle (archaic present singular subjunctive)
belde (archaic past singular subjunctive)
bellen (archaic plural present subjunctive)
belden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
bel (imperative present singular)
belt (archaic imperative plural present)
bellend (participle present)
gebeld (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch bellen. Equivalent to bel + -en.

inh

nl

dum

bellen

expansion: Middle Dutch bellen

affix

bel

-en

id2: denominative

expansion: bel + -en

ipa: /ˈbɛlə(n)/

rhymes: -ɛlən

parts: bel len


bellen

links: regional regional#English

links: bark bark

raw_glosses: (regional, Southern) (intransitive) to bark, like a canine

links: scold scold

links: insult insult

links: rage rage

raw_glosses: (regional, Southern) (transitive) to bark, scold, insult, rage at

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch bellen, from Old Dutch *bellan, from Proto-West Germanic *bellan, from Proto-Germanic *bellaną. Cognate with English bellow, German bellen and Russian блеять (blejatʹ, “to bleat”).

inh

odt

*bellan

expansion: Old Dutch *bellan

gmw-pro

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *bellan

gem-pro

*bellaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *bellaną

cog

en

bellow

expansion: English bellow

de

bellen

expansion: German bellen

ru

блеять

t: to bleat

expansion: Russian блеять (blejatʹ, “to bleat”)


bellen

links: bel bel#Dutch

pos: noun

head

noun form

etymology_text: See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


bellen

text: Ein Hund bellt, wenn er mit den Sinnen etwas wahrgenommen hat; daraufhin, weil ihn sein Bellen erschreckt und aufregt, und des weiteren, weil sich das wahrgenommene Objekt um ihn kümmert, nicht um ihn kümmert oder davonläuft.

ref: 1929, Kurt Tucholsky, Das Lächeln der Mona Lisa (Sammelband), Ernst Rowohlt Verlag, page 138:

english: A dog barks when he perceived something with the senses; thereupon, because his barking scares and upsets him, and furthermore, because the perceived object looks after him, does not look after him, or runs away.

type: quotation

raw_glosses:
(intransitive) to bark:
(literally) like a canine

glosses:
to bark:
like a canine

raw_glosses: (figuratively) in a rude, loud human voice

glosses:
to bark:
in a rude, loud human voice

de-verb

expansion: bellen (weak, third-person singular present bellt, past tense bellte, past participle gebellt, auxiliary haben)

forms:
bellt (present singular third-person)
bellte (past)
gebellt (participle past)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
bellen (infinitive)
bellend (participle present)
gebellt (participle past)
belle (first-person indicative present singular)
bellen (first-person indicative plural present)
belle (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellen (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellst (indicative present second-person singular)
bellt (indicative plural present second-person)
bellest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellt (indicative present singular third-person)
bellen (indicative plural present third-person)
belle (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
bellen (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
bellte (first-person indicative preterite singular)
bellten (first-person indicative plural preterite)
bellte (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
bellten (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
belltest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
belltet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
belltest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
belltet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
bellte (indicative preterite singular third-person)
bellten (indicative plural preterite third-person)
bellte (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
bellten (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
bell (imperative second-person singular)
belle (imperative second-person singular)
bellt (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe gebellt (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben gebellt (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe gebellt (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben gebellt (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast gebellt (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt gebellt (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest gebellt (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet gebellt (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat gebellt (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben gebellt (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe gebellt (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben gebellt (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte gebellt (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten gebellt (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte gebellt (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten gebellt (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest gebellt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet gebellt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest gebellt (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet gebellt (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte gebellt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten gebellt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte gebellt (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten gebellt (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bellen werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest bellen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde bellen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde bellen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden bellen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest bellen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde bellen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
gebellt haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden gebellt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst gebellt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet gebellt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird gebellt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden gebellt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden gebellt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
haben (auxiliary)
bellen (infinitive)
bellend (participle present)
gebollen (participle past)
belle (first-person indicative present singular)
bellen (first-person indicative plural present)
belle (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellen (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
billst (indicative present second-person singular)
bellt (indicative plural present second-person)
bellest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
bellet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
billt (indicative present singular third-person)
bellen (indicative plural present third-person)
belle (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
bellen (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
ball (first-person indicative preterite singular)
boll (first-person indicative preterite singular)
ballen (first-person indicative plural preterite)
bollen (first-person indicative plural preterite)
bölle (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
böllen (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ballst (indicative preterite second-person singular)
bollst (indicative preterite second-person singular)
ballt (indicative plural preterite second-person)
bollt (indicative plural preterite second-person)
böllest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
böllst (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
böllet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
böllt (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ball (indicative preterite singular third-person)
boll (indicative preterite singular third-person)
ballen (indicative plural preterite third-person)
bollen (indicative plural preterite third-person)
bölle (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
böllen (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
bill (imperative second-person singular)
bellt (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe gebollen (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben gebollen (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe gebollen (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben gebollen (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest gebollen (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet gebollen (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe gebollen (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben gebollen (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte gebollen (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten gebollen (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte gebollen (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten gebollen (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bellen werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest bellen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde bellen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde bellen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden bellen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden bellen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest bellen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden bellen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde bellen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden bellen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
gebollen haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden gebollen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst gebollen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet gebollen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird gebollen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden gebollen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden gebollen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

bellende Hunde beißen nicht

sense: Idioms

word: die Hunde bellen, die Karawane zieht weiter

etymology_text: From Middle High German bëllen, from Old High German bëllan from Proto-Germanic *bellaną, cognate with English bellow, Russian блеять (blejatʹ, “baa", "bleat”).

inh

gmh

bëllen

expansion: Middle High German bëllen

goh

bëllan

expansion: Old High German bëllan

baa", "bleat

ipa: /ˈbɛlən/

ipa: /ˈbɛl̩n/

ipa: /ˈb̥ɛlɛn/

ipa: /ˈb̥ɛl̩n/

homophone: Bällen


bellen

raw_glosses: (intransitive, figurative) to bark (of a human)

glosses:
to bark (of a dog)
to bark (of a human)

text: Dô kom ein hunt und bal si an.

ref: c. 1204-1220, Wirnt von Grafenberg, Wigalois, line 5512:

english: Then, a dog came and barked at her.

translation: Then, a dog came and barked at her.

text: [...] von allen jüden / als ein tier von dën rüden / wart ër dô angebollen.

ref: late 13th century, Das alte Passional, line 140,52:

english: He was then barked at by all the Jews — like an animal by the hounting-hounds.

+obj

gmh

acc<at (someone ~ something)>

words: accusative ‘at (someone ~ something)’

raw_glosses: (transitive) to bark [with accusative ‘at (someone ~ something)’] (with an); to bebark

gmh-verb

bëllen<ball,gebollen>

expansion: bëllen (class 3 strong, third-person singular present billet, past tense bal, past participle gebollen, past subjunctive bülle, auxiliary hān)

forms:
bëllen (canonical)
billet (present singular third-person)
bal (past)
gebollen (participle past)
bülle (past subjunctive)
hān (auxiliary)
hān (auxiliary)
bëllen (infinitive)
bëllennes
bëllenes
bëllenne
bëllene
bëllende (participle present)
gebollen (participle past)
hān (auxiliary)
ich bille (indicative present singular)
wir bëllen (indicative plural present)
ich bëlle (singular subjunctive)
wir bëllen (plural subjunctive)
du billest (indicative present singular)
ir bëllet (indicative plural present)
du bëllest (singular subjunctive)
ir bëllet (plural subjunctive)
ër billet (indicative present singular)
sie bëllent (indicative plural present)
ër bëlle (singular subjunctive)
sie bëllen (plural subjunctive)
ich bal (indicative preterite singular)
wir bullen (indicative plural preterite)
ich bülle (singular subjunctive)
wir büllen (plural subjunctive)
du bülle (indicative preterite singular)
ir bullet (indicative plural preterite)
du büllest (singular subjunctive)
ir büllet (plural subjunctive)
ër bal (indicative preterite singular)
sie bullen (indicative plural preterite)
ër bülle (singular subjunctive)
sie büllen (plural subjunctive)
bil (du) (imperative singular)
bëllet (ir) (imperative plural)
hān (auxiliary)
ich hān gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
wir hān gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
ich habe gebollen (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
wir haben gebollen (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
du hāst gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
ir hāt gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
du habest gebollen (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
ir habet gebollen (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
ër hāt gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
sie hānt gebollen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
ër habe gebollen (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
sie haben gebollen (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
ich habete gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
wir habeten gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
ich habete gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
wir habeten gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
du habetest gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
ir habetet gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
du habetest gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
ir habetet gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
ër habete gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
sie habeten gebollen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
ër habete gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
sie habeten gebollen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
bëllen süln (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
ich sul bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
wir suln bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
du sule bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ir sulet bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ër sul bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
sie suln bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ich sol bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
wir sulen bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
ich sölte bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ich sölde bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wir sölten bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wir sölden bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
du solt bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
ir sulet bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
du söltest bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
du söldest bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ir söltet bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ir söldet bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ër sol bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
sie sulen bëllen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
ër sölte bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ër sölde bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
sie sölten bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
sie sölden bëllen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
gebollen hān süln (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
ich sul gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
wir suln gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
du sule gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ir sulet gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ër sul gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
sie suln gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ich sol gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
wir sulen gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
ich sölte gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ich sölde gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wir sölten gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wir sölden gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
du solt gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
ir sulet gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
du söltest gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
du söldest gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ir söltet gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ir söldet gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ër sol gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
sie sulen gebollen hān (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
ër sölte gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ër sölde gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
sie sölten gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
sie sölden gebollen hān (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)

etymology_text:
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *helpaną
Proto-West Germanic *helpan
Old High German hëlfan
Middle High German bellen
Inherited from Old High German bëllan, from Proto-West Germanic *bellan, from Proto-Germanic *bellaną. Cognate with Middle Low German bellen (Old Saxon *bellan), Middle Dutch bellen (Old Dutch *bellan), and Middle English bellen (Old English bellan.

etymon

:inh

expansion:
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *helpaną
Proto-West Germanic *helpan
Old High German hëlfan
Middle High German bellen
[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*helpan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old High German", "term" : "hëlfan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "goh" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle High German", "term" : "bellen", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "gmh" }" data-lang="gmh" data-title="bellen">

yesno

i

I

expansion: I

glossary

Inherited

expansion: Inherited

inh+

expansion: Inherited from Old High German bëllan

cog

gml

expansion: Middle Low German bellen

dum

note: before 13ᵗʰ CE

ipa: /ˈbɛlːən/


draaien

links: turn turn

links:
turn round
turn round

links: play play

raw_glosses: (ergative) to play (a record, CD, song, etc.)

links: input input

links: telephone telephone

raw_glosses: (transitive) to input into a telephone, to call (a phone number)

links: run run

links: throw throw

links: roll roll

raw_glosses: (transitive) to roll (a cigarette or joint)

text: Daar draait het niet om!

translation: That is not the point!

english: That is not the point!

type: example

+obj

:om

expansion: [with om]

links: point point

links:
be about
be about

raw_glosses: (transitive) to be the point of, to be about [with om]

nl-verb

expansion: draaien

nl-conj-wk

draai

draaie

forms:
draaien (infinitive)
draaien (gerund neuter)
draai (first-person present singular)
draaide (first-person past singular)
draait (present second-person singular)
draai (present second-person singular)
draaide (past second-person singular)
draait (formal present second-person singular)
draaide (formal past second-person singular)
draait (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
draait (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
draaide (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
draaide (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
draait (present singular third-person)
draaide (past singular third-person)
draaien (plural present)
draaiden (past plural)
draaie (archaic present singular subjunctive)
draaide (archaic past singular subjunctive)
draaien (archaic plural present subjunctive)
draaiden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
draai (imperative present singular)
draait (archaic imperative plural present)
draaiend (participle present)
gedraaid (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch drâyen, from Old Dutch thrāien, from Proto-West Germanic *þrāan, from Proto-Germanic *þrēaną, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-.

inh

drâyen

expansion: Middle Dutch drâyen

thrāien

expansion: Old Dutch thrāien

*þrāan

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *þrāan

*þrēaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *þrēaną

der

ine-pro

expansion: Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-

ipa: /ˈdraːi̯ə(n)/

rhymes: -aːi̯ən

parts: draai en


groeien

links: grow grow

links: increase increase

nl-verb

expansion: groeien

nl-conj-wk

groei

aux: zijn

forms:
groeien (infinitive)
groeien (gerund neuter)
groei (first-person present singular)
groeide (first-person past singular)
groeit (present second-person singular)
groei (present second-person singular)
groeide (past second-person singular)
groeit (formal present second-person singular)
groeide (formal past second-person singular)
groeit (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
groeit (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
groeide (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
groeide (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
groeit (present singular third-person)
groeide (past singular third-person)
groeien (plural present)
groeiden (past plural)
groeie (archaic present singular subjunctive)
groeide (archaic past singular subjunctive)
groeien (archaic plural present subjunctive)
groeiden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
groei (imperative present singular)
groeit (archaic imperative plural present)
groeiend (participle present)
gegroeid (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch groeyen, from Old Dutch gruoien, from Proto-Germanic *grōaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”). Cognate with English grow.

inh

dum

groeyen

expansion: Middle Dutch groeyen

gruoien

expansion: Old Dutch gruoien

*grōaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *grōaną

to grow, become green

ipa: /ˈɣrui̯ə(n)/

rhymes: -ui̯ən

parts: groei en


falen

links: falar falar#Asturian

glosses: third-person plural present indicative of falar

glosses: third-person plural present subjunctive of falar

head

ast

verb form

expansion: falen


falen

links: fail fail

links: default default

nl-conj-wk

faal

fale

forms:
falen (infinitive)
falen (gerund neuter)
faal (first-person present singular)
faalde (first-person past singular)
faalt (present second-person singular)
faal (present second-person singular)
faalde (past second-person singular)
faalt (formal present second-person singular)
faalde (formal past second-person singular)
faalt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
faalt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
faalde (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
faalde (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
faalt (present singular third-person)
faalde (past singular third-person)
falen (plural present)
faalden (past plural)
fale (archaic present singular subjunctive)
faalde (archaic past singular subjunctive)
falen (archaic plural present subjunctive)
faalden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
faal (imperative present singular)
faalt (archaic imperative plural present)
falend (participle present)
gefaald (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch falen, from Old French faillir.

etymon

expansion: [Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from", "terms" : [ { "alt" : "faillir", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "fallere", "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Classical Latin", "term" : "fallō", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "la-cla" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Vulgar Latin", "term" : "*fallīre", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la-vul" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "falir", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle Dutch", "term" : "falen", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "dum" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Dutch", "term" : "falen", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "nl" }" data-lang="nl" data-title="falen">

inh

falen

expansion: Middle Dutch falen

der

fro

faillir

expansion: Old French faillir

ipa: /ˈfaːlə(n)/

rhymes: -aːlən

parts: fa len


falen

links: faal faal#Dutch

nonlemma

expansion: See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


falen

links: falar falar#Galician

glosses:
inflection of falar:
third-person plural present subjunctive

glosses:
inflection of falar:
third-person plural imperative

head

gl


falen

links: fall fall

lb-verb

fält

gefall

sinn

pret: foul

subj: féil

expansion: falen (third-person singular present fält, preterite foul, past participle gefall, past subjunctive féil, auxiliary verb sinn)

forms:
fält (present singular third-person)
foul (preterite)
gefall (participle past)
féil (past subjunctive)
sinn (auxiliary)
falen (infinitive)
gefall (participle)
sinn (auxiliary)
falen (first-person indicative present singular)
foul (first-person indicative past singular)
féil (conditional first-person singular)
fäls (indicative present second-person singular)
fouls (indicative past second-person singular)
féils (conditional second-person singular)
fal (imperative second-person singular)
fält (indicative present singular third-person)
foul (indicative past singular third-person)
féil (conditional singular third-person)
falen (first-person indicative plural present)
foulen (first-person indicative past plural)
féilen (conditional first-person plural)
faalt (indicative plural present second-person)
foult (indicative past plural second-person)
féilt (conditional plural second-person)
faalt (imperative plural second-person)
falen (indicative plural present third-person)
foulen (indicative past plural third-person)
féilen (conditional plural third-person)

lb-conj-irregular-full

fal

fäl

faal

gefall

sinn

foul

féil

etymology_text: From Old High German fallan, from Proto-Germanic *fallaną. Cognate with German fallen, English fall, Dutch vallen, Icelandic falla, West Frisian falle.

inh

lb

fallan

expansion: Old High German fallan

gem-pro

*fallaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *fallaną

cog

fallen

expansion: German fallen

fall

expansion: English fall

vallen

expansion: Dutch vallen

is

falla

expansion: Icelandic falla

fy

falle

expansion: West Frisian falle

ipa: /ˈfaːlen/

ipa: [ˈfaːlən]


falen

links: fold fold

lb-verb

expansion: falen (third-person singular present faalt, past participle gefaalt, auxiliary verb hunn)

forms:
faalt (present singular third-person)
gefaalt (participle past)
hunn (auxiliary)
falen (infinitive)
gefaalt (participle)
hunn (auxiliary)
falen (first-person indicative present singular)
faals (indicative present second-person singular)
fal (imperative second-person singular)
faalt (indicative present singular third-person)
falen (first-person indicative plural present)
faalt (indicative plural present second-person)
faalt (imperative plural second-person)
falen (indicative plural present third-person)

lb-conj-regular

gefaalt

hunn

long: faal

etymology_text: From Old High German faldan, from Proto-Germanic *falþaną. Cognate with German falten, English fold, Dutch vouwen, Danish folde.

inh

goh

faldan

expansion: Old High German faldan

*falþaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *falþaną

de

falten

expansion: German falten

en

fold

expansion: English fold

nl

vouwen

expansion: Dutch vouwen

da

folde

expansion: Danish folde


koken

text: McAllister uses the Japanese device of the koken for changing scenes, distributing props, and creating furniture.

ref: 1988 July 8, Diana Spinrad, “Tango; Chicago Young Playwrights Festival”, in Chicago Reader:

links: theater theater

links: set set

raw_glosses: (theater) A black-clad person who enters the stage to rearrange the set, unremarked by the actors

en-noun

expansion: koken (plural kokens)

forms: kokens (plural)

etymology_text: Borrowed from Japanese 後見(こうけん) (kōken, “a staff in noh and kabuki”).

bor+

ja

expansion: Borrowed from Japanese

ja-r

後見

こうけん

t: a staff in noh and kabuki


koken

links: cook cook

links: boil boil

links: seethe seethe

raw_glosses: (intransitive, figuratively) to seethe, boil with anger

nl-verb

expansion: koken

nl-conj-wk

kook

koke

trans: erg

trans2: acc

forms:
koken (infinitive)
koken (gerund neuter)
kook (first-person present singular)
kookte (first-person past singular)
kookt (present second-person singular)
kook (present second-person singular)
kookte (past second-person singular)
kookt (formal present second-person singular)
kookte (formal past second-person singular)
kookt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
kookt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
kookte (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
kookte (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
kookt (present singular third-person)
kookte (past singular third-person)
koken (plural present)
kookten (past plural)
koke (archaic present singular subjunctive)
kookte (archaic past singular subjunctive)
koken (archaic plural present subjunctive)
kookten (archaic past plural subjunctive)
kook (imperative present singular)
kookt (archaic imperative plural present)
kokend (participle present)
gekookt (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch cōken, from Old Dutch *kokon, from Proto-West Germanic *kokōn.

root

ine-pro

*pekʷ-

dercat

la

inh

dum

cōken

expansion: Middle Dutch cōken

odt

*kokon

expansion: Old Dutch *kokon

gmw-pro

*kokōn

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *kokōn

rhymes: -oːkən

parts: ko ken


koken

links: swindler swindler

links: crook crook

links: scoundrel scoundrel

head

ht

noun

etymology_text: From French coquin (“scoundrel”).

der

fr

coquin

scoundrel

expansion: French coquin (“scoundrel”)

ipa: /kokɛ̃n/


koken

links: Rōmaji romaji

links: こけん こけん#Japanese

pos: romanization

head

ja

romanization

sc: Latn


kosten

links: goal goal

links: target target

links: shallow shallow

links: pit pit

kw

g: f

plural

kostennow

expansion: kosten f (plural kostennow)

kw-noun

f

n

forms:
kostennow (plural)
kosten (mutation mutation-radical)
gosten (mutation mutation-soft)
hosten (mutation mutation-aspirate)
kosten (mutation)
kosten (mutation mutation-mixed)

kostenna

english: to target

translation: to target


kosten

links: kost kost#Danish

head

noun form

g: c

expansion: kosten c


kosten

links: cost cost

text: Het kostte me wat tijd om het af te maken.

translation: It took me some time to finish it.

english: It took me some time to finish it.

links: take take

links: require require

nl-verb

expansion: kosten

nl-conj-wk

kost

forms:
kosten (infinitive)
kosten (gerund neuter)
kost (first-person present singular)
kostte (first-person past singular)
kost (present second-person singular)
kostte (past second-person singular)
kost (formal present second-person singular)
kostte (formal past second-person singular)
kost (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
kost (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
kostte (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
kostte (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
kost (present singular third-person)
kostte (past singular third-person)
kosten (plural present)
kostten (past plural)
koste (archaic present singular subjunctive)
kostte (archaic past singular subjunctive)
kosten (archaic plural present subjunctive)
kostten (archaic past plural subjunctive)
kost (imperative present singular)
kost (archaic imperative plural present)
kostend (participle present)
gekost (participle past)

ipa: /ˈkɔstə(n)/

rhymes: -ɔstən


kosten

links: kost kost#Dutch


kosten

text: Was kostet das alles?

translation: What does all this cost?

english: What does all this cost?

text: Und was kostet mich das?

translation: And how much will it cost me?

english: And how much will it cost me?

text: Das kostet dich gar nichts.

translation: It will be free of charge for you.

english: It will be free of charge for you.

text: Zahlen Sie mir, was mich ihre Kleider kosten, und Sie mögen sie behalten; wir wollen diesen Abend noch einig werden.

ref: 1796, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre [Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship], volume 2:

english: Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

translation: Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

text: Du bist gewarnt. Es kann dir das Leben kosten.

ref: 1930, Hermann Hesse, Narziß und Goldmund [Narcissus and Goldmund], Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, page 320:

english: You have been warned. It can cost your life.

text: Der zweimonatige Tankrabatt kostete den Bund 1,6 Milliarden Euro.

ref: 2026 June 17, Nanja Boenisch, “Ausbau der Verkehrsinfrastruktur: Das Geld landet auf der Straße”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz, →ISSN:

+obj

words: (uncommon) dative

expansion: [with accusative or (uncommon) dative]

raw_glosses: to cost [with accusative or (uncommon) dative]

de-verb

expansion: kosten (weak, third-person singular present kostet, past tense kostete, past participle gekostet, auxiliary haben)

forms:
kostet (present singular third-person)
kostete (past)
gekostet (participle past)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
kosten (infinitive)
kostend (participle present)
gekostet (participle past)
koste (first-person indicative present singular)
kosten (first-person indicative plural present)
koste (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
kosten (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
kostest (indicative present second-person singular)
kostet (indicative plural present second-person)
kostest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
kostet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
kostet (indicative present singular third-person)
kosten (indicative plural present third-person)
koste (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
kosten (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
kostete (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kosteten (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kostete (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
kosteten (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
kostetest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kostetet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kostetest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
kostetet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
kostete (indicative preterite singular third-person)
kosteten (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kostete (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
kosteten (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
kost (imperative second-person singular)
koste (imperative second-person singular)
kostet (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe gekostet (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben gekostet (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe gekostet (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben gekostet (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast gekostet (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt gekostet (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest gekostet (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet gekostet (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat gekostet (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben gekostet (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe gekostet (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben gekostet (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte gekostet (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten gekostet (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte gekostet (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten gekostet (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest gekostet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet gekostet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest gekostet (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet gekostet (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte gekostet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten gekostet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte gekostet (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten gekostet (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
kosten werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde kosten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden kosten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest kosten (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet kosten (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde kosten (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden kosten (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde kosten (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden kosten (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde kosten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden kosten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst kosten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet kosten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest kosten (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet kosten (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird kosten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden kosten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde kosten (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden kosten (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
gekostet haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden gekostet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst gekostet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet gekostet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird gekostet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden gekostet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden gekostet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

etymology_text: From Middle High German kosten, from Old French coster, from Latin cōnstō.

ety

:inh

expansion: [Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "with", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "beside", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "is_uncertain" : true, "id" : "here", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*ḱe", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*ḱóm", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*kom", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*kom-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*staējō", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "stand", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*steh₂-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" }, { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-éh₁ti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yeti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-éh₁yeti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*sth₂éh₁yeti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*staēō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*komstaēō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "cōnstō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "coster", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle High German", "term" : "kosten", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "gmh" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "German", "term" : "kosten", "lang" : "de" }" data-id="cost" data-lang="de" data-title="kosten" id="German:_cost">

inh

gmh

kosten

expansion: Middle High German kosten

der

fro

coster

expansion: Old French coster

cōnstō

expansion: Latin cōnstō

ipa: /ˈkɔstən/

parts: kos ten

parts: ko sten


kosten

text: Werner trug ihm noch denselbigen Abend alles, was er wußte, erst gelassen, dann mit dem dringenden Ernste einer wohldenkenden Freundschaft vor, ließ keinen Zug unbestimmt und gab seinem Freunde alle die Bitterkeiten zu kosten, die ruhige Menschen an Liebende mit tugendhafter Schadenfreude so freigebig auszuspenden pflegen.

ref: 1796, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre [Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship], volume 1:

links: taste taste

links: try try

raw_glosses: (transitive) to taste, try (sample the flavor of something)

etymology_text: From Old High German kostōn, from Proto-Germanic *kustōną. More at costen.

root

*ǵews-

inh

goh

kostōn

expansion: Old High German kostōn

gem-pro

*kustōną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *kustōną


kosten

links: kosen kosen#German

glosses:
inflection of kosen:
first/third-person plural preterite

glosses: first/third-person plural subjunctive II

head

verb form

nonlemma

expansion: See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

ipa: /ˈkoːstən/


krijgen

text: Ze heeft van haar familie een huwelijkskado gekregen.

translation: She received a wedding gift from her family.

text: Ik weet niet waar hij dat idee heeft gekregen, maar er klopt niets van.

translation: I don't know where he got that idea from, but it's absolutely false.

links: get get

links: receive receive

links: possession possession

raw_glosses: (transitive) to get, to receive, to come into possession of (anything ranging from concrete to abstract inputs such as news, gift, punishment, et cetera)

text: Ik heb geprobeerd mijn televisie aan te sluiten, maar ik krijg alleen sneeuw.

translation: I tried to connect up my television, but I only get static.

links: present present

raw_glosses: (transitive) to get, to be presented with

text: Ik krijg mijn auto niet gestart!

translation: I can't get my car started!

english: I can't get my car started!

links: manage manage

links: cause cause

raw_glosses: (copulative) to get, to (manage to) cause to become

text: Hij kreeg een prijs uitgereikt.

translation: He was given a prize.

english: He was given a prize.

links: passive passive#English

links:
ditransitive verb
ditransitive verb#English

links:
indirect object
indirect object#English

raw_glosses: (auxiliary) Used to form a passive sentence with a ditransitive verb, with the original indirect object becoming the subject of krijgen.

text: Ik heb een verkoudheid gekregen.

translation: I've caught a cold.

english: I've caught a cold.

text: Krijg de tering!

translation: fuck you!

english: fuck you!

literal_meaning: catch tuberculosis!

links: catch catch

links: ill ill

raw_glosses: (transitive) to catch (a disease), to become ill with

nl-verb

expansion: krijgen

nl-conj-st

krijg

kreeg

kregen

krege

forms:
krijgen (infinitive)
krijgen (gerund neuter)
krijg (first-person present singular)
kreeg (first-person past singular)
krijgt (present second-person singular)
krijg (present second-person singular)
kreeg (past second-person singular)
krijgt (formal present second-person singular)
kreeg (formal past second-person singular)
krijgt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
krijgt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
kreegt (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
kreegt (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
krijgt (present singular third-person)
kreeg (past singular third-person)
krijgen (plural present)
kregen (past plural)
krijge (archaic present singular subjunctive)
krege (archaic past singular subjunctive)
krijgen (archaic plural present subjunctive)
kregen (archaic past plural subjunctive)
krijg (imperative present singular)
krijgt (archaic imperative plural present)
krijgend (participle present)
gekregen (participle past)

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch crigen, from Old Dutch *crīgan, from Proto-West Germanic *krīgan. Cognate to German kriegen (“to get”).

inh

crigen

expansion: Middle Dutch crigen

*crīgan

expansion: Old Dutch *crīgan

*krīgan

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *krīgan

cog

kriegen

to get

expansion: German kriegen (“to get”)

ipa: /ˈkrɛi̯ɣə(n)/

rhymes: -ɛi̯ɣən

parts: krij gen


krijgen

text:
Judges 1, 3, Statenvertaling.
Toen zeide Juda tot zijn broeder Simeon: Trek met mij op in mijn lot, en laat ons tegen de Kanaänieten krijgen, zo zal ik ook met u optrekken in uw lot.

english: Then Judah said unto his brother Simeon: Come along with me into my lot, and let us wage war against the Canaanites, so shall I also go along with you into your lot.

links: wage wage

links: war war

links: battle battle

raw_glosses: (intransitive, archaic) to wage war, to battle

forms:
krijgen (infinitive)
krijgen (gerund neuter)
krijg (first-person present singular)
krijgde (first-person past singular)
krijgt (present second-person singular)
krijg (present second-person singular)
krijgde (past second-person singular)
krijgt (formal present second-person singular)
krijgde (formal past second-person singular)
krijgt (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
krijgt (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
krijgde (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
krijgde (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
krijgt (present singular third-person)
krijgde (past singular third-person)
krijgen (plural present)
krijgden (past plural)
krijge (archaic present singular subjunctive)
krijgde (archaic past singular subjunctive)
krijgen (archaic plural present subjunctive)
krijgden (archaic past plural subjunctive)
krijg (imperative present singular)
krijgt (archaic imperative plural present)
krijgend (participle present)
gekrijgd (participle past)

etymology_text: Related to etymology 1. Cognate to German kriegen (“to wage war”).

to wage war

expansion: German kriegen (“to wage war”)


krijgen

links: krijg krijg#Dutch


buiten

text: Het is mooi weer, laten we buiten spelen.

translation: The weather is nice, let's play outside.

links: outside outside

pos: adv

nl-adv

expansion: buiten

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch buten, from Old Dutch *būtan, from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan (“outside of, around, without, except”), equivalent to be- + uit + -en. Cognate to English but, Luxembourgish baussen, West Frisian bûten, Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), Dutch Low Saxon buten.

inh

buten

expansion: Middle Dutch buten

*būtan

expansion: Old Dutch *būtan

*biūtan

t: outside of, around, without, except

af

be-

uit

-en

expansion: be- + uit + -en

but

expansion: English but

baussen

expansion: Luxembourgish baussen

bûten

expansion: West Frisian bûten

stq

buute

t: without

expansion: Saterland Frisian buute (“without”)

nds-nl

buten

expansion: Dutch Low Saxon buten

rhymes: -œy̯tən

parts: bui ten


buiten

links:
out of
out of

pos: prep

head

preposition

forms:
buiten (prepositional)
buiten (adverb postpositional)
erbuiten
hierbuiten
daarbuiten
waarbuiten
ergens buiten
nergens buiten
overal buiten

inh

dum

odt

gmw-pro

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *biūtan (“outside of, around, without, except”)

cog

lb


buiten

links: mansion mansion

links: surround surround

links: estate estate

links: countryside countryside

glosses: a mansion and its surrounding estate in the countryside

nl-noun

n

-s

expansion: buiten n (plural buitens, diminutive buitentje n)

forms:
buitens (plural)
buitentje (diminutive neuter)


binnen

text: Als het regent kun je beter binnen blijven.

translation: When it rains it's better to stay inside.

links: inside inside

links: indoors indoors

text: Het schip voer de haven binnen.

translation: The ship sailed into the harbour.

english: The ship sailed into the harbour.

links: to to

links: into into

nl-adv

expansion: binnen

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch binnen, from Old Dutch *binnan, equivalent to be- + in + -en.

inh

binnen

expansion: Middle Dutch binnen

*binnan

expansion: Old Dutch *binnan

affix

in

expansion: be- + in + -en

rhymes: -ɪnən

parts: bin nen


binnen

text: U mag enkel binnen de parkeervakken parkeren.

translation: You may only park inside the parking spaces.

links: within within

text: binnen tien minuten

translation: within ten minutes

english: within ten minutes

forms:
binnen (prepositional)
binnen (adverb postpositional)
erbinnen
hierbinnen
daarbinnen
waarbinnen
ergens binnen
nergens binnen
overal binnen


binnen

links:
set for life
set for life

glosses: set for life (having obtained such success professionally and having been able to save enough money that one does not need to work any longer)

pos: adj

nl-adj

expansion: binnen (used only predicatively, not comparable)


binnen

text: Fünfunddreißigtausend Kurantmark, die binnen knapper zwei Wochen fällig sind.

ref: 1909 [1901], Thomas Mann, chapter 2, in Buddenbrooks […] , Berlin: Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, →OCLC, part 8, page 435:

english: —five-and-thirty thousand marks current, to be paid within two weeks.

text: Die Aktienbörsen schalten oftmals binnen weniger Stunden von Depression auf Optimismus um – und wieder zurück.

ref: 2010, Der Spiegel, number 27/2010, page 70:

english: The stock markets often switch within a few hours from depression to optimism – and back again.

+obj

gen/dat

expansion: [with genitive or dative]

etymology_text: From Middle Low German binnen (“within”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”). The form is also Central German in Middle High German binnen (compare Luxembourgish bannen). It is originally an adverb meaning “within, inside” chiefly in local sense, equivalent to German innen. Binnen was adopted in modern standard German as a temporal preposition, while the prefix binnen- takes on the local sense of the word. Cognate with Dutch binnen.

der

gml

within

expansion: Middle Low German binnen (“within”)

inh

*bi-

by, at

expansion: Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”)

gmh

expansion: Middle High German binnen

cog

bannen

expansion: Luxembourgish bannen

binnen

expansion: Dutch binnen

ipa: /ˈbɪnən/


binnen

links: binen binen#Indonesian

head

id

noun

head: binnên

expansion: binnên

forms: binnên (canonical)

etymology_text: Unadapted borrowing from Dutch binnen.

ubor

nl

expansion: Unadapted borrowing from Dutch binnen


binnen

links: bind bind

links: tie tie

head

nds

verb

third-person singular simple present

binnt

past tense

bunn

past participle

bunnen

auxiliary verb

hebben

expansion: binnen (third-person singular simple present binnt, past tense bunn, past participle bunnen, auxiliary verb hebben)

tlb

GLG

expansion: (German Low German)

forms:
binnt (present singular third-person)
bunn (past)
bunnen (participle past)
hebben (auxiliary)
binnen (infinitive)
binn (first-person present singular)
bunn (first-person preterite singular)
binns (present second-person singular)
binnst (present second-person singular)
bunns (preterite second-person singular)
bunnst (preterite second-person singular)
binn (present singular third-person)
binnt (present singular third-person)
bunn (preterite singular third-person)
binnt (plural present)
binnen (plural present)
bunnen (plural preterite)
binn (imperative singular)
binnt (imperative plural)
binnen (participle present)
bunnen (participle past)
ebunnen (participle past)
gebunnen (participle past)

etymology_text: From Old Saxon bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”).

root

ine-pro

*bʰendʰ-

inh

osx

bindan

expansion: Old Saxon bindan

*bindan

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *bindan

gem-pro

*bindaną

expansion: Proto-Germanic *bindaną

der

to bind

ipa: [ˈbɪˑnn̩]


binnen

links: during during

links: on on

links: at at

+obj

dum

dat/gen

expansion: [with dative or genitive]

head

preposition

expansion: binnen

etymology_text: From Old Dutch *binnan, from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”).


binnen

adverb

or

or

inh

odt

expansion: Old Dutch *binnan


binnen

head

nb

noun form

g: m-s

expansion: binnen m sg

forms: binna (alternative)


binnen

links: harbour harbour

links:
open sea
open sea

fy

etymology_text: Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”).

ipa: /bɪnən/


beneden

links: below below

links: downstairs downstairs

nl-adv

expansion: beneden

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch beneden, from Proto-Germanic *bi- + *niþanē (“from beneath”).

inh

nl

dum

beneden

expansion: Middle Dutch beneden

der

expansion: Proto-Germanic *bi-

forms:
benee (alternative informal)
benêe (alternative archaic)
beneeën (alternative poetic)
beneen (alternative poetic)
beneën (alternative poetic)
beneên (alternative poetic)

rhymes: -eːdən

parts: be ne den


beneden

text: mensen beneden de zestig

english: people under sixty

translation: people under sixty

links: under under

links: beneath beneath


beneden

links: benijden benijden#Dutch

glosses:
inflection of benijden:
plural past indicative

raw_glosses: (dated or formal) plural past subjunctive

glosses:
inflection of benijden:
plural past subjunctive

head

verb form

etymology_text: See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


phosphide

text: The new fulminate consists of a mixture of chlorate of potash, with the prussiates, soluble or unsoluble, the hyposulphites, the hypophosphites, the phosphides, the amorphous phosphorus, alone or combined.

ref: 1867, Edmund Ronalds, Thomas Richardson, Chemical Technology, page 696:

text: These two metals were then melted in magnesia crucibles and cooled slowly, in order to find how much phosphide would separate during solidification.

ref: 1901, J. E. Stead, “Iron and Phosphorus”, in Albert Sauveur, editor, The Metallographist, volume IV, Boston, Mass.: Boston Testing Laboratories, page 225:

text: Colani (1907b) prepared uranium arsenide and antimonide by methods similar to the one he used for the preparation of phosphide.

ref: 1951, Joseph J. Katz, Eugene Rabinowitch, The Chemistry of Uranium: The Element, Its Binary and Related Compounds, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications, Inc., page 241:

text: So you took the bottle of phosphide and you poured a good dose into your sister’s cup.

ref: 1959, Georges Simenon, translated by Robert Eglesfield, Maigret Has Scruples, New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, Inc., page 126:

text: On the other hand, too much phosphide may render the iron brittle.

ref: 1974, Sulzer Technical Review, volume 56/57, page 13:

links: chemistry chemistry

links:
binary compound
binary compound

links: phosphorus phosphorus

links:
oxidation state
oxidation state

raw_glosses: (chemistry) Any binary compound of phosphorus, especially one in oxidation state −3.

en-noun

expansion: phosphide (countable and uncountable, plural phosphides)

forms: phosphides (plural)

fosfur

code: ca

sense: binary compound of phosphorus

phosphure

code: fr

Phosphid

code: de

भास्वरिक

code: hi

roman: bhāsvarik

fosfuro

code: it

リン化物

code: ja

roman: rinkabutsu

fosfid

code: nb

fosfid

code: nn

fosfid

code: sl

fosfuro

code: es

etymology_text:
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáwos
Ancient Greek φᾰ́ος (phắos)
Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -φόρος (-phóros)
Ancient Greek φωσφόρος (phōsphóros)bor.
Latin phōsphorusbor.
English phosphorus
English phospho-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idusder.
English -ide
English phosphide
From phospho- + -ide.

ety

en

:af

phospho-

-ide

expansion:
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáwos
Ancient Greek φᾰ́ος (phắos)
Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -φόρος (-phóros)
Ancient Greek φωσφόρος (phōsphóros)bor.
Latin phōsphorusbor.
English phosphorus
English phospho-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idusder.
English -ide
English phosphide
[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "light-bearing", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "shine", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*bʰeh₂-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*bʰéh₂os", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*pʰáwos", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "φᾰ́ος", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "φῶς", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "carry", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "bear", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "to be carrying", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "bear", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*bʰer-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*bʰéreti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*pʰérō", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "φέρω", "gloss" : "carry, bring", "lang" : "grc" }, { "id" : "o-grade", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "thematic", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-os", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-os", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ος", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-φόρος", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "φωσφόρος", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "phōsphorus", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "phosphorus", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "phospho-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "do", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*dʰeh₁-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-iðos", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-idus", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "-ide", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "phosphide", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="phosphide">
From phospho- + -ide.

audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-phosphide.wav


by-product

text: It was about this time that the first experiments were made (in Germany) with basic slag, a material which had hitherto been regarded as a worthless by-product of steel manufacture. A year or two later field trials were begun in England, with the final result that basic slag has become recognized as a valuable source of phosphorus for growing crops, and is now in constant demand for application to the soil as a fertilizer.

ref: 1911, “History of English Agriculture”, in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

links: incidentally incidentally

links: production production

glosses: Something made incidentally during the production of something else.

text: The many Indian restaurants all over Britain are a by-product of the large waves of immigration from the subcontinent.

text: One of the most obvious results of the B.R. Modernisation Plan has been the increasing use of diesel and electric traction; a less obvious by-product is the increase in track damage possible with the new forms of traction.

ref: 1961 February, R. K. Evans, “The role of research on British Railways”, in Trains Illustrated, page 92:

links: consequence consequence

links:
side effect
side effect

glosses: A consequence, especially a side effect.

en-noun

expansion: by-product (plural by-products)

forms:
by-products (plural)
byproduct (alternative)
bye-product (alternative)

страничен продукт

code: bg

sense: secondary product

roman: straničen produkt

副产品

code: cmn

roman: fùchǎnpǐn

bijproduct

code: nl

afvalproduct

english: waste

translation: waste

sivutuote

code: fi

თანაპროდუქტი

code: ka

roman: tanaṗrodukṭi

მეორადი პროდუქტი

roman: meoradi ṗrodukṭi

თანმდევი პროდუქტი

roman: tanmdevi ṗrodukṭi

υποπροϊόν

code: el

roman: ypoproïón

aukaafurð

code: is

副産物

roman: fukusanbutsu

нуспроизвод

code: mk

roman: nusproizvod

побочни продукт

code: rsk

roman: pobočni produkt

produkt uboczny

code: pl

subproduto

code: pt

побочный продукт

code: ru

roman: pobočnyj produkt

far-stuth

code: gd

nusproizvod

code: sh

biprodukt

code: sv

yaga

code: tl

ผลพลอยได้

code: th

roman: pǒn-plɔɔi-dâai

yan ürün

code: tr

побічний продукт

code: uk

roman: pobičnyj produkt

phụ phẩm

code: vi

страничен ефект

sense: side effect

roman: straničen efekt

etymology_text:
Etymology tree
English by-
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *pér
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Italic *pro-
Latin prō-
Proto-Indo-European *dewk-
Proto-Indo-European *déwkti
Proto-Italic *doukō
Latin dūcō
Latin prōdūcō
Latin prōductusder.
Middle English product
English product
English by-product
From by- + product.

etymon

expansion:
Etymology tree
English by-
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *pér
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Italic *pro-
Latin prō-
Proto-Indo-European *dewk-
Proto-Indo-European *déwkti
Proto-Italic *doukō
Latin dūcō
Latin prōdūcō
Latin prōductusder.
Middle English product
English product
English by-product
[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "forward", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "fare", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pér", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-o", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pró", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pro-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*pro-", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "prō-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" }, { "gloss" : "lead; draw", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "to lead", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "to pull", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "to pull", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*dewk-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*déwkti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*doukō", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "dūcō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "prōdūcō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "prōductus", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "product", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "product", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "by-product", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="by-product">
From by- + product.


citizenship

text: Katz himself is one of them. Originally an American citizen, the entrepreneur acquired citizenships in Israel and Canada where he lived for long periods. Later, he obtained a St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship through a real estate investment.

ref: 2019 October 7, Kate Springer, “Passports for purchase: Open citizenship doors around the world”, in CNN, archived from the original on 18 Apr 2020:

text: Both sides cited the case of United States vs. Wong Kim Ark from 1898, which defines elements of citizenship for immigrants.

ref: 2025 February 10, Jon Schoenheider, “Federal judge in New Hampshire blocks Trump’s order ending birthright citizenship for kids of people in US illegally”, in WMUR-TV, archived from the original on 08 Mar 2026:

links: state state

links: citizen citizen

links: status status

glosses: The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

en-noun

expansion: citizenship (countable and uncountable, plural citizenships)

forms: citizenships (plural)

citizenhood

sense: state of being a citizen in all senses

freedom of the city

sense: status of membership in an incorporated city

burgerskap

code: af

sense: state of being a citizen

shtetësi

code: sq

مُوَاطِنِيَّة

code: ar

roman: muwāṭiniyya

مُوَاطَنَة

roman: muwāṭana

քաղաքացիություն

code: hy

roman: kʻaġakʻacʻiutʻyun

নাগৰিকত্ব

code: as

roman: nagrikotto

ciudadanía

code: ast

vətəndaşlıq

code: az

гражданлыҡ

code: ba

roman: grajdanlıq

грамадзя́нства

code: be

roman: hramadzjánstva

নাগরিকতা

code: bn

roman: nagrikota

pagkahimanwa

code: bcl

гра́жданство

code: bg

roman: gráždanstvo

по́данство

roman: pódanstvo

နိုင်ငံသားအဖြစ်

code: my

ciutadania

code: ca

公民權 /公民权

code: yue

roman: gung¹ man⁴ kyun⁴

國籍 /国籍

roman: gwok³ zik⁶

公民權 /公民权

code: cmn

roman: gōngmínquán

國籍 /国籍

roman: guójí

grajdanlıq

code: crh

občanství

code: cs

borgerskab

code: da

burgerschap

code: nl

ошломаньксчи

code: myv

roman: ošlomańksči

kodakondsus

code: et

ríkisborgararættur

code: fo

kansalaisuus

code: fi

citoyenneté

code: fr

cidadanía

code: gl

მოქალაქეობა

roman: mokalakeoba

Staatsbürgerschaft

code: de

υπηκοότητα

roman: ypikoótita

etymology_text: From citizen + -ship. Displaced native Old English burgrǣden, equivalent to borough + -red.


beter

links: goed goed#Afrikaans

head

af

adjective form

expansion: beter

etymology_text: From Dutch beter, from Middle Dutch beter, from Old Dutch betiro, from Proto-Germanic *batizô. The verb sense is a calque from English better, had better.

inh

beter

expansion: Dutch beter

expansion: Middle Dutch beter

betiro

expansion: Old Dutch betiro

*batizô

expansion: Proto-Germanic *batizô

der

en

better

expansion: English better

ipa: /ˈbɪətər/

audio: LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-beter.wav


beter

text: Jy beter versigtig wees.

translation: You (had) better be careful.

english: You (had) better be careful.

links:
had better
had better

links: should should#English

links: must must#English

glosses: had better (used as an auxiliary verb to mean should; must)

af-verb

expansion: beter (present beter)

forms: beter (present)


beter

links: goed goed#Dutch

links: better better

goed

extra: better

text: Word snel weer beter!

translation: Get well soon!

english: Get well soon!

links: recovered recovered

glosses: not sick anymore; recovered (from a disease)

text: De nieuwe editie is te koop in de betere boekenwinkel.

translation: The new edition is for sale at any quality bookstore.

links: high high

links: quality quality

etymology_text:
From Middle Dutch beter, from Old Dutch betiro, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *batizô, comparative of *gōdaz.
Cognate with Low German beter, West Frisian better, English better, German besser, Danish bedre, Swedish bättre.

inh

gmw-pro

*batiʀō

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō

cog

beter

expansion: Low German beter

better

expansion: West Frisian better

de

besser

expansion: German besser

da

bedre

expansion: Danish bedre

sv

bättre

expansion: Swedish bättre

ipa: /ˈbeːtər/

audio: Nl-beter (Belgium).ogg

rhymes: -eːtər


beter

links: beteren beteren#Dutch

glosses: first-person singular present indicative

raw_glosses: (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative

glosses:
inflection of beteren:
imperative

inh

gem-pro


beter

head

comparative adjective

head: bēter

expansion: bēter

forms: bēter (canonical)

etymology_text: From Old Dutch betera, betiro, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō.

betera

expansion: Old Dutch betera

ipa: /ˈbɛːtər/


beter

comparative adverb


beter

links: bait bait

fro

verb

forms:
beter (infinitive)
avoir beté (infinitive multiword-construction)
en betant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
betant (participle present)
beté (participle past)
bet (first-person indicative present singular)
betes (indicative present second-person singular)
bete (indicative present singular third-person)
betons (first-person indicative plural present)
betez (indicative plural present second-person)
betent (indicative plural present third-person)
betoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beteie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
betoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beteve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
betoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beteies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
betoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beteves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
betoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beteit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
betot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beteve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
betiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
betiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
betiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
betiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
betoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beteient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
betoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
betevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
betai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
betas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
beta (indicative preterite singular third-person)
betames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
betastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
beterent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
beterai (first-person future indicative singular)
beteras (future indicative second-person singular)
betera (future indicative singular third-person)
beterons (first-person future indicative plural)
beteroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
betereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
beterez (future indicative plural second-person)
beteront (future indicative plural third-person)
beteroie (conditional first-person singular)
betereie (conditional first-person singular)
beteroies (conditional second-person singular)
betereies (conditional second-person singular)
beteroit (conditional singular third-person)
betereit (conditional singular third-person)
beteriiens (conditional first-person plural)
beteriens (conditional first-person plural)
beteriiez (conditional plural second-person)
beteriez (conditional plural second-person)
beteroient (conditional plural third-person)
betereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
bet (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bez (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bet (present singular subjunctive third-person)
betons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
betez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
betent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
betasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
betasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
betast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
betissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
betissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
betissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
betissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
betissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
betassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bete (imperative second-person singular)
betons (first-person imperative plural)
betez (imperative plural second-person)

etymology_text: Probably from Old Norse beita.

bor

non

beita

expansion: Old Norse beita


beter

head

adjective

masculine

beteren

feminine, plural or definite

betere

expansion: beter (masculine beteren, feminine, plural or definite betere)

forms:
beteren (masculine)
betere (definite plural)

etymology_text: From Old Frisian betera, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō.

inh

ofs

expansion: Old Frisian betera

parts: be ter


beter

text: beter ol!

english: go to hell! (literally, “become worse”)

translation: go to hell! (literally, “become worse”)

links: worse worse

tr-adj

expansion: beter

forms:
beterim (first-person predicative present singular)
beter miyim? (first-person predicative present singular)
betersin (predicative present second-person singular)
beter misin? (predicative present second-person singular)
beter (predicative present singular third-person)
beterdir (predicative present singular third-person)
beter mi? (predicative present singular third-person)
beteriz (first-person plural predicative present)
beter miyiz? (first-person plural predicative present)
betersiniz (plural predicative present second-person)
beter misiniz? (plural predicative present second-person)
beter (plural predicative present third-person)
beterler (plural predicative present third-person)
beter mi? (plural predicative present third-person)
beterler mi? (plural predicative present third-person)
beterdim (first-person past predicative singular)
beter miydim? (first-person past predicative singular)
beterdin (past predicative second-person singular)
beter miydin? (past predicative second-person singular)
beterdi (past predicative singular third-person)
beter miydi? (past predicative singular third-person)
beterdik (first-person past plural predicative)
beter miydik? (first-person past plural predicative)
beterdiniz (past plural predicative second-person)
beter miydiniz? (past plural predicative second-person)
beterdiler (past plural predicative third-person)
beter miydiler? (past plural predicative third-person)
betermişim (first-person past predicative singular)
beter miymişim? (first-person past predicative singular)
betermişsin (past predicative second-person singular)
beter miymişsin? (past predicative second-person singular)
betermiş (past predicative singular third-person)
beter miymiş? (past predicative singular third-person)
betermişiz (first-person past plural predicative)
beter miymişiz? (first-person past plural predicative)
betermişsiniz (past plural predicative second-person)
beter miymişsiniz? (past plural predicative second-person)
betermişler (past plural predicative third-person)
beter miymişler? (past plural predicative third-person)
betersem (conditional first-person predicative singular)
beter miysem? (conditional first-person predicative singular)
betersen (conditional predicative second-person singular)
beter miysen? (conditional predicative second-person singular)
beterse (conditional predicative singular third-person)
beter miyse? (conditional predicative singular third-person)
betersek (conditional first-person plural predicative)
beter miysek? (conditional first-person plural predicative)
beterseniz (conditional plural predicative second-person)
beter miyseniz? (conditional plural predicative second-person)
beterseler (conditional plural predicative third-person)
beter miyseler? (conditional plural predicative third-person)

etymology_text: Inherited from Ottoman Turkish بتر (beter), from Classical Persian بَدْتَر (badtar).

yesno

i

I

expansion: I

glossary

Inherited

expansion: Inherited

tr

ota

بتر

tr: beter

expansion: Ottoman Turkish بتر (beter)

der

fa-cls

بَدْتَر

expansion: Classical Persian بَدْتَر (badtar)

ipa: /beˈteɾ/


goed

text:
With regular letters that said R-P-B-D-B, what does that spell, daddy?
(Um, Rpbdb)
No, that spells “rabbit.”
And she goed inside my airplane that I buyed from the store.

ref: 2026, Stephen Spencer & co., “Regular Rabbit (Living Room Version)”:

links: childish childish

links: go go#English

raw_glosses: (nonstandard, childish) simple past and past participle of go

head

verb form

expansion: goed


goed

links: good good

af-adj

goeie

beste

expansion: goed (attributive goeie, comparative beter, superlative beste)

forms:
goeie (attributive)
beter (comparative)
beste (superlative)
goed (positive predicative)
goeie (attributive positive)
goeie (positive singular)
goeies (attributive independent plural positive)
goeds (partitive positive)
beter (attributive comparative predicative)
betere (attributive comparative independent singular)
beteres (attributive comparative independent plural)
beters (comparative partitive)
beste (attributive predicative superlative)
beste (singular superlative)
bestes (attributive independent plural superlative)

etymology_text: From Dutch goed, from Middle Dutch goet, from Old Dutch guot, from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz.

inh

nl

goed

expansion: Dutch goed

dum

goet

expansion: Middle Dutch goet

odt

guot

expansion: Old Dutch guot

*gōdaz

expansion: Proto-Germanic *gōdaz

ipa: /χut/

audio: LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-goed.wav


goed

text: Ik voel me goed.

translation: I feel good.

english: I feel good.

text: Het is een goede informatiebron.

translation: It is a good source of information.

english: It is a good source of information.

text: Helaas, dat antwoord was niet goed.

translation: Unfortunately, that answer was not correct.

text: Sommige mensen zien het verschil niet tussen goed en fout.

translation: Some people can't see the difference between right and wrong.

links: correct correct

links: right right

text: Dat is goed hoor.

translation: That's all right.

english: That's all right.

links:
all right
all right

links: fine fine

text: Een goed aantal mensen heeft zich al aangemeld.

translation: A good number of people have already signed up.

raw_glosses:
(of quantities)
considerable (in amount or size)

links: considerable considerable

text: De reis duurt een goede tien uur.

translation: The journey takes a good ten hours.

english: The journey takes a good ten hours.

raw_glosses:
(of quantities)
at least as much as

links:
at least
at least

text: Op een goede dag besloot hij de wijde wereld in te trekken.

translation: One day he decided to go out into the wide world.

text: Het zal op een goed moment toch aan het licht komen.

translation: But it will come to light at some time.

english: But it will come to light at some time.

links: given given

links: certain certain

links: op op#Dutch

raw_glosses: (of moments in time) given, certain (unknown, undetermined or unspecified) (used in prepositional phrases with op)

nl-adj

beter

best

expansion: goed (comparative beter, superlative best)

forms:
beter (comparative)
best (superlative)
goed (adverbial positive predicative)
beter (adverbial comparative predicative)
het best (adverbial predicative superlative)
het beste (adverbial predicative superlative)
goede (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
betere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
beste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
goed (indefinite neuter positive singular)
beter (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
beste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
goede (indefinite plural positive)
betere (comparative indefinite plural)
beste (indefinite plural superlative)
goede (definite positive)
betere (comparative definite)
beste (definite superlative)
goeds (partitive positive)
beters (comparative partitive)
goei (alternative dialectal)

nl-decl-adj

beter

best

als het goed is

sense: idioms

yahut

raw_tags: reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes

etymology_text: From Middle Dutch goet, from Old Dutch guot, from Proto-West Germanic *gōd, from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.

gmw-pro

*gōd

expansion: Proto-West Germanic *gōd

der

ine-pro

*gʰedʰ-

expansion: Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-

ipa: /ɣut/

audio: Nl-goed (Belgium).ogg

rhymes: -ut


goed

text: Hij speelt goed tennis.

translation: He plays tennis well.

english: He plays tennis well.

links: well well

links: pretty pretty

links: quite quite

inh

gem-pro